The above models all use one simulator to evaluate their performances. In some cases
(e.g., in the industry), multiple simulator modules are employed in the simulation process
to achieve a higher level of accuracy in terms of the performance of the model. For
example, in [23], different simulation tools for propagation modeling, site optimization,
frequency planning, WLAN physical layer and cellular/WLAN capacity analysis are
combined together in order to evaluate the throughput, power, data rate, coverage and the
capacity of the integrated system.
Sometimes researchers will also build experimental prototypes of their models to test
their performances. For instance, in [2], [5], the IOTA gateway and the corresponding
client software are implemented to evaluate their proposed model. Similarly, in [24], an
OmniCon prototype is built to demonstrate the ability of their model in achieving low
handoff latency and close to zero packet loss. Furthermore, in [25], a testbed network
which consists of real GSM/GPRS and IEEE 802.11b operators, network exchange nodes
(i.e., routers) and IPv6 infrastructures is constructed in order to validate the concept of
coordination and resource management of different RANs through their proposed
hierarchical system.
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